Silicon nitride is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula Si3N4. It is an important structural ceramic material with high hardness, inherent lubricity, and wear resistance. It is an atomic crystal; Antioxidant at high temperatures. And it can also resist cold and hot shocks. When heated to over 1000 ℃ in air, it will not crack even after rapid cooling and heating. It is precisely because silicon nitride ceramics have such excellent characteristics that people often use them to manufacture mechanical components such as bearings, turbine blades, mechanical seal rings, permanent molds, etc
A silicon nitride ceramic shaft is a premium engineering component chosen when the extreme demands of an applicationsuch as high speed, high temperature, corrosive environments, or the need for minimal wearmake traditional metals inadequate. While the initial cost and design considerations are higher, the payoff in performance , reliability, and total cost of ownership in the right application is immense.
Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) ceramic shaft is a high-performance engineering component made from a advanced technical ceramic. It is not a traditional metal like steel or aluminum but is manufactured through a powder metallurgy process involving pressing and high-temperature sintering.
From the perspective of application scenarios, aerospace and automotive industries are the core demand sectors. In the aerospace field, silicon nitride rods are used for turbine blade positioning pins in aircraft engines and bushings in spacecraft attitude control mechanisms. Leveraging their high-temperature resistance and lightweight advantages, they reduce equipment weight and enhance operational reliability. Precision guidance rods in missile guidance systems also rely on their high strength and dimensional stability.
In the automotive sector, high-performance racing cars and new energy vehicles utilize silicon nitride rods for transmission bearings and engine valve guides. Compared to traditional metal components, these rods offer 5-8 times greater wear resistance, extending service life and reducing energy consumption.
In the electronics and semiconductor industry, silicon nitride rods serve as guide shafts for wafer cutting equipment and ejector pins for semiconductor packaging molds. They ensure high precision and chemical stability during processing, preventing impurity contamination and improving chip yield.
Advantage of Silicon Nitride rods
The unique advantages of silicon nitride rods stem from the synergistic properties of silicon nitride ceramics and precision forming processes. They exhibit a room-temperature bending strength of 600-800 MPa, maintaining over 80% of their strength even at high temperatures of 1200°C. With a low thermal expansion coefficient of 3.2×10⁻⁶/°C, they effectively resist thermal shock caused by sudden temperature changes. Additionally, they possess excellent wear resistance (friction coefficient of only 0.1-0.2) and chemical inertness, resisting corrosion by strong acids and alkalis without reacting with most molten metals and salts. Furthermore, silicon nitride rods also feature good electrical insulation and low density (3.2 g/cm³), allowing them to be processed into rods with varying diameters, lengths, and complex cross-sections to meet diverse precision component requirements
These shafts are renowned for their exceptional combination of properties that make them superior to metals in demanding applications.
Typical Applications
Key Properties and Why They Matter
1. Extreme Hardness
One of the hardest materials available, close to diamonds. Excellent wear resistance, leading to a much longer service life than steel, especially in abrasive environments.
2.High Strength & Stiffness
Maintains high mechanical strength at both room and elevated temperatures (up to ~1200°C). Resists bending and deformation under high load. Allows for high-speed operation with minimal whip or vibration.
3.Low Density
About 60% lighter than steel. Reduces rotational mass (inertia), leading to faster acceleration/deceleration, lower energy consumption, and reduced bearing loads.
4. Low Thermal Expansion
Expands very little when heated. Maintains dimensional stability over a wide temperature range. Critical for maintaining precise clearances in high-heat applications.
5.Excellent Corrosion Resistance
Inert to most acids, alkalis, and corrosive gases. Ideal for chemical processing, marine environments, and applications where lubricants break down.
6.Non-Magnetic & Electrically Insulating
Does not conduct magnetism or electricity. Essential for MRI machines, semiconductor manufacturing, and other sensitive electronic or scientific equipment.
7.High-Temperature Capability
Retains its properties in temperatures where steel would soften or melt. Suitable for use in furnaces, turbines, and high-temperature mechanical systems.
Product Parameters Table
| Item | gas pressure sintering | hot pressing sintering | reactive sintering | pressureless sintering |
| Rockwell hardness (HRA) | ≥75 | - | > 80 | 91-92 |
| volume density(g/cm3) | 3.25 | > 3.25 | 1.8-2.7 | 3.0-3.2 |
| Dielectric constant (ε r20℃, 1MHZ) | - | 8.0(1MHz) | - | - |
| electric volume resistivity(Ω.cm) | 10¹⁴ | 10⁸ | - | - |
| breaking tenacity (Mpa m1/2) | 6-9 | 6-8 | 2.8 | 5-6 |
| Elasticity modulus (GPa) | 300-320 | 300-320 | 160-200 | 290-320 |
| thermal expansivity (m/K *10⁻⁶/℃) | 3.1-3.3 | 3.4 | 2.53 | 600 |
| thermal conductivity (W/MK) | 15-20 | 34 | 15 | - |
| weibull modulus (m) | 12-15 | 15-20 | 15-20 | 10-18 |
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